Laboratories and Landscapes (1929-1974)

Laboratories and Landscapes (1929-1974)

The project puts in relation the scientific practices undertaken in the interior of National Laboratories with the creation of new landscapes in Portugal, Angola and Mozambique, for the period of the authoritarian New State (1926-1974). Institutions commonly ignored because of their insignificance to international scientific development will be studied through their role in redesigning vast territorial areas. The expansion of the Portuguese scientific community under authoritarian rule will be considered in function of both internal and overseas colonization projects. Instead of taking the colonial scientific machinery as a tool ready to be mobilized by the state for the rationalization of the territory, we will explore how scientific institutions evolve together with ambitions of energy autarky or imperial schemes. For the Portuguese territory the research will focus on the relation between laboratory work and the hydroelectric development of the basins of the rivers Tagus and Cavado as well as the undertaking of the Alentejo Irrigation Plan. For Mozambique and Angola we will consider, respectively, the Development Plans of the Limpopo and Cunene rivers.
Estatuto: 
Proponent entity
Financed: 
No
Keywords: 
Ciência e Autarcia
Ciência Colonial
Paisagens Tecnológicas
Laboratórios de Estado
The project puts in relation the scientific practices undertaken in the interior of National Laboratories with the creation of new landscapes in Portugal, Angola and Mozambique, for the period of the authoritarian New State (1926-1974). Institutions commonly ignored because of their insignificance to international scientific development will be studied through their role in redesigning vast territorial areas. The expansion of the Portuguese scientific community under authoritarian rule will be considered in function of both internal and overseas colonization projects. Instead of taking the colonial scientific machinery as a tool ready to be mobilized by the state for the rationalization of the territory, we will explore how scientific institutions evolve together with ambitions of energy autarky or imperial schemes. For the Portuguese territory the research will focus on the relation between laboratory work and the hydroelectric development of the basins of the rivers Tagus and Cavado as well as the undertaking of the Alentejo Irrigation Plan. For Mozambique and Angola we will consider, respectively, the Development Plans of the Limpopo and Cunene rivers.
Objectivos: 
The general aim of the project is to produce an alternative narrative of Twentieth Century Portuguese science that places it at the center of Portuguese contemporary history. We intend to make laboratories crucial sites for a proper understanding of the years of the New State. <p>By avoiding traditional obsessions with scientific and technological backwardness, we also intend to make the Portuguese case more recognizable and relevant for a broader audience, allowing for international comparisons. More than that, we expect that the innovative methodology of mixing laboratories and landscapes will prove valuable for both historians of science and environmental historians.  </p>
State of the art: 
A hist&oacute;ria da ci&ecirc;ncia portuguesa do s&eacute;culo XX tem-se feito sobretudo da identifica&ccedil;&atilde;o das aus&ecirc;ncias e presen&ccedil;as de institui&ccedil;&otilde;es cient&iacute;ficas similares &agrave; dos pa&iacute;ses centrais (Cara&ccedil;a, 1999). As certezas quanto ao escasso m&eacute;rito da ci&ecirc;ncia produzida, aliadas &agrave; cortina negra do fascismo que oculta todos os outros fen&oacute;menos, produziram em conjunto um diagn&oacute;stico desolador (Rosas, 2000). No entanto, os historiadores da economia que se dedicaram aos anos que v&atilde;o da implementa&ccedil;&atilde;o da ditadura em 1926 &agrave; revolu&ccedil;&atilde;o democr&aacute;tica de 1974, t&ecirc;m sabido fugir da ret&oacute;rica do fracasso revalorizando v&aacute;rias iniciativas levadas a cabo pelo Estado Novo que n&atilde;o contradizem a natureza totalit&aacute;ria do regime (Lains, 2003).<br />Em muitos projectos - electrifica&ccedil;&atilde;o, irriga&ccedil;&atilde;o, industrializa&ccedil;&atilde;o - &eacute; evidente o protagonismo da nova estrutura de laborat&oacute;rios nacionais mobilizada pelo Estado Novo. Nenhum desses laborat&oacute;rios - Esta&ccedil;&atilde;o Agron&oacute;mica Nacional (EAN), Laborat&oacute;rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), Centros da Junta das Miss&otilde;es Geogr&aacute;ficas e de Investiga&ccedil;&otilde;es Coloniais - mereceu a aten&ccedil;&atilde;o dos historiadores, limitando-se as narrativas existentes a uma celebra&ccedil;&atilde;o da obra feita pelos pr&oacute;prios protagonistas (Heitor, Brand&atilde;o de Brito &amp; Rollo, 2004).<br />Apesar do consenso generalizado sobre as profundas altera&ccedil;&otilde;es da paisagem portuguesa resultantes da mobiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o de tecnologia ao longo do s&eacute;culo XX (Ferreira de Almeida, 2004), tal constata&ccedil;&atilde;o n&atilde;o estabeleceu ainda uma liga&ccedil;&atilde;o sistem&aacute;tica entre centros de produ&ccedil;&atilde;o cient&iacute;fica e novas paisagens tecnol&oacute;gicas. Neste projecto pretende-se fazer uso do frut&iacute;fero cruzamento entre hist&oacute;ria das ci&ecirc;ncias e hist&oacute;ria ambiental (Hevly &amp; Findley, 1998; Mitman, Murphy &amp; Sellers, 2004), para dar conta das transi&ccedil;&otilde;es de escala entre fechados laborat&oacute;rios da EAN em Oeiras ou do LNEC em Lisboa e grandes espa&ccedil;os como os do Plano de Rega do Alentejo ou o Plano de Desenvolvimento do Cunene. Importa n&atilde;o apenas perceber como aqueles centros cient&iacute;ficos s&atilde;o actores fundamentais na conforma&ccedil;&atilde;o da paisagem, mas tamb&eacute;m como a pr&oacute;pria comunidade cient&iacute;fica nacional se vai estruturando &agrave; volta de projectos de coloniza&ccedil;&atilde;o do territ&oacute;rio (interna e externa). &Eacute; poss&iacute;vel assim integrar umas institui&ccedil;&otilde;es at&eacute; agora subestimadas pela sua excessiva proximidade aos interesses do Estado, numa hist&oacute;ria internacional povoada por grandes laborat&oacute;rios que se tornaram pontos de passagem obrigat&oacute;rios para melhor entender a guerra-fria, o estalinismo ou os estados p&oacute;s-coloniais (Gallison &amp; Hevly, 1992; Visvanathan, 1985). <p>Cara&ccedil;a (1999) Jo&atilde;o Cara&ccedil;a, &quot;Ci&ecirc;ncia&quot;, in Ant&oacute;nio Barreto e Maria Filomena M&oacute;nica (coord.), Dicion&aacute;rio de Hist&oacute;ria de Portugal, Vol. VII (Porto: Figueirinhas): 317-318<br />Ferreira de Almeida (2004) Jo&atilde;o Ferreira de Almeida (org.), Os Portugueses e o Ambiente (Oeiras: Celta)<br />Galison &amp; Hevly (1992) Peter Galison and Bruce Hevly (eds.), Big Science. The Growth of Large Scale Research (Stanford: Stanford University Press)<br />Heitor, Brand&atilde;o de Brito &amp; Rollo (2004), Manuel Heitor, J. M. Brand&atilde;o de Brito e Maria Fernanda Rollo (coord.), Momentos de Inova&ccedil;&atilde;o e Engenharia em Portugal no S&eacute;culo XX (Lisboa: D. Quixote)<br />Hevly &amp; Findley (1998) Bruce Hevly and John M. Findley,The Atomic West (University of Washington Press) <br />Lains (2003) Pedro Lains, Os Progressos do Atraso. Uma Nova Hist&oacute;ria Econ&oacute;mica de Portugal (Lisboa: ICS)<br />Mitman, Murphy &amp; Sellers (2004), &quot;A Cloud over History&quot;, Osiris 19: 1-20 <br />Rosas (2000) Fernando Rosas, Salazarismo e fomento econ&oacute;mico (Lisboa: Editorial Not&iacute;cias)<br />Visvanathan (1985) Shiv Visvanathan, Organizing for Science (Delhi: Oxford University Press) </p>
Parceria: 
Unintegrated
Coordenador ICS 
Referência externa 
PROJ23/2009
Start Date: 
01/01/2005
End Date: 
31/12/2008
Duração: 
47 meses
Closed