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186
Dahl,
Quisling
, p. 212.
187
See O. K. Hoidal,
Quisling: A Study in Treason
, Olso, Norwegian University Press, 1989,
pp. 575–578.
188
Dahl,
Quisling
.
189
Hayes,
Quisling
, p. 285; Dahl,
Quisling
, p. 274.
190
Cited in Dahl,
Quisling
, p. 277.
191
More than half of all 20th-century authoritarian regimes ‘initiated by militaries, parties, or a
combination of the two, had been partly or fully personalized within three years of the initial
seizure of power’. See B. Geddes, ‘Stages of development in authoritarian regimes’, in V.
Tismaneanu, M. M. Howard and R. Sil, eds,
World Order after Leninism
, Seattle, WA, and
London, University of Washington Press, 2006, p. 164.
192
A. C. Pinto, ed.,
Ruling Elites and Decision-Making in Fascist-Era Dictatorships
, New
York, NY, Columbia University Press, 2009.
193
Geddes, ‘Stages of development’ p. 185.
194
Perlmutter,
Modern Autoritarianism
, p. 11.
195
J. Ghandi,
Political Institutions under Dictatorship
, Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press,
2008, p. 29.
196
J. J. Linz,
Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes
, Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 2000, p. 134.
197
Marcello Caetano,
O Sistema Corporativo,
Lisbon, o Jornal do Comércio e das Colónias,
1938, p . 51
198
We should not underestimate these authoritarian constitutions since they serve to
consolidate autocratic coalitions in power. Uncertainty is very great at the beginning of a new
authoritarian regime and constitutions represent ‘one key mechanism through which political
actors other than the dictator can codify their right and interests’.
M. Albertus and V.
Menaldo, ‘Dictators as founding fathers? The role of constitutions under autocracy’
,
Economics & Politics
, 24 (3), 2012, pp. 279-306.
See also, T. Ginsburg and A. Simpser, eds.,
Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes
, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
199
M. W. Svolik,
The Politics of Authoritarian Rule
, New York, Cambridge University Press,
2012, p. 57.
200
Gandhi
Political Institutions
, p. viii; Geddes, ‘Stages of development’, p. 164.
57