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legitimizing dictatorships, they can also be the locus of that process. If this is so, corporatism,
with a single or dominant party, was the inter-war dictatorships’ most powerful institutional
device and certainly their lowest common denominator.
1
J. D. Handerson,
Conservative Though in Twentieth Century Latin America, The Ideas of
Laureano Gómez
, Athens, Center for Latin American Studies, 1988; D. Nicolás Motta,
Laureano Gómez Castro y su Proyeto de Reforma Constitucional (1951-1973)
, Bogota:
Universidad de Rosário, 2008.
2
A. C. Pinto,
The Nature of Fascism Revisited
, New York, SSM-Columbia University Press,
2013, particularly Chapter 7, ‘Fascism, corporatism, and authoritarian institutions in inter-war
European dictatorships’.
3
Like Alfred Stepan and Juan Linz, we use this expression to refer to the ‘vision of political
community in which the component parts of society harmoniously combine… and also
because of the assumption that such harmony requires power and the unity of civil society by
“the architectonic action of public authorities” – hence “organic-statism”.’ See A. Stepan,
The
State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective
, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press,
1978; J. J. Linz,
Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes
, Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner, 2000,
pp. 215-17.
4
See P. J. Williamson,
Varieties of Corporatism: A Conceptual Discussion
, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1985.
5
On the expansion of corporatist ‘internationalist thought’ attempted in Fascist Italy, see S.
Cassese,
Lo Stato fascista
, Bologna: Il Mulino, 2010, pp. 89–98; J. Steffek, ‘Fascist
Internationalism’,
Millenium: Journal of International Studies
, 2015
,
September 2015, 44, pp.
3–22
;
M. Pasetti,
L'Europa corporativa: Una storia transnazionale tra le due guerre mondiali
,
Bologna, Bononia University Press, 2016.
6
M. de Lucena,
A Evolução do Sistema Corporativo Português
, Vol. 1:
O Salazarismo
,
Lisbon, Perspectivas e Realidades, 1976; H. J. Wiarda,
Corporatism and Development: The
Portuguese Experience
, Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press, 1977; J. M. T.
Castilho,
Os Procuradores à Camara Corporativa, 1935–1974
, Lisbon, Texto, 2010.
7
D. Musiedlak, ed.,
Les Experiences Corporatives dans L’Aire Latine
, Bern, Peter Lang, 2010;
A. C. Pinto and F. P. Martinho, eds,
A Vaga Corporativa: Corporativismo e Ditaduras na
Europa e na America Latina
, Lisbon, Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2016; T. Parla and A.
Davison,
Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey: Progress or Order?
, Syracuse, NY:
Syracuse University Press, 2004; M. Franke, ‘Fascist Italy: Ideal template for India’s economic
development?’, in H. Schultz-Forberg, ed.,
Zero Hours: Conceptual Insecurities and New
Beginnings in the Inter-war Period
, Brussels, P. I. E. Peter Lang, 2013, pp. 77–115; R.
Hofmann,
The Fascist Effect: Japan and Italy, 1915–1952
, Ithaca, NY, and London, Cornell
University Press, 2015.
8
A. Perlmutter,
Modern Authoritarianism: A Comparative Institutional Analysis
, New Haven,
CT, Yale University Press, 1981, p. 10.
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