ICS Working Papers Nº2/2016

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ICS WORKING PAPERS 2016
European dictatorships of the first half of the 20th century, their transformation into the base
element of ‘organic representation’ in the new authoritarian political institutions, particularly
the ‘corporatist parliaments’ was much more diverse, even if its spread was much more rapid
(See Table 1.1). The constitutions, constitutional revisions and their authoritarian equivalents
are a clear indication of this dynamic. In the immediate aftermath of the First World War and
the early 1920s, with the exception of the short-lived regimes of Sidónio Pais in Portugal and
Gabriel D’Annunzio in the Italian regency of Carnaro, no corporatist parliament was provided
for in any of the new constitutions, but by 1938 the number had risen exponentially.
Table 1.1. Dictatorships and Corporatism in Europe, 1918-1945
Country Regime Type of Party
System
Social
Corporatism
Political
Corporatism
Austria Dolfuss-Schuschnigg (1934-38) Single Strong Strong
Bulgaria Velcheg Dictatorship (1934)
Royal Dictatorship (1935-44)
No
Dominant
Strong
Weak
Strong
Weak
Croatia Ustaše Regime (1941-45) Single Medium Strong
Estonia Päts Dictatorship (1934-40) Single Strong Medium
France Vichy Regime (1940-44) No Strong Weak
Greece Metaxas Dictatorship (1936-41) No Medium Weak
Germany National Socialist Regime
(1933-1945)
Single Medium No
Hungary Horthy Regime
-Bethlen Period
-Gömbös Period (1932-1935)
Dominant
Single
Weak
Strong
Weak
Medium
Italy Fascist Dictatorship (1922-43) Single Strong Strong
Latvia Ulmanis Dictatorship (1934-40) No Strong Medium
Lithuania Smetona Dictatorship (1926-40) Dominant Strong Weak
Norway Quisling Regime (1940-45) Single Medium Medium
Poland Pilsudsky Dictatorship
-(1926-1935)
-(1935-1940)
Dominant
Single
Weak
Strong
Weak
Strong
Portugal Sidónio Pais Dictatorship
(1917-18)
Salazar’s Dictatorship (1933-
74)
Dominant
Single
Weak
Strong
Medium
Strong
Romania Royal Dictatorship (1937-40)
Antonescu Dictatorship (1940-
44)
Single
No (after
1941)
Strong
Weak
Strong
No
Slovakia Tiso Dictatorship (1940-44) Single Strong Medium
Spain Primo de Rivera (1923-31)
Francoism (1939-1975)
Dominant
Single
Strong
Strong
Strong
Strong
Yugoslavia Royal Dictatorship (1929-1934) Dominant Medium No
In many cases, the corporatist or economic parliaments either co-existed with and assisted
parliaments or replaced them with a new legislature with consultative functions, which
provided the government with technical assistance. The most influential theorist of
Quadragesimo Anno, the Jesuit Heirich Pesch, did mention the economic parliament as a
‘central clearing house’ of his organic view, but he left its structure to the future With
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